Measurement properties of upper extremity physical performance tests in athletes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Upper extremity Physical Performance Tests (PPTs) have been used in sports contexts to provide functional status of the athletes. However, whether these tests present appropriate measurement properties to be considered a valuable measurement is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the measurement properties of upper extremity PPTs in athletes. METHODS: Databases (e.g., Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, CENTRAL) were searched in March 2021. Two reviewers independently rated the methodological quality using the 4-point Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Quality of evidence was graded by measurement property for each test, considering the adequacy, the sample size, and the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included with a pooled sample of 684 athletes. The PPTs analyzed were Arm-Jump Board Test, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), Finger Hang Test, Medicine Ball Explosive Power Test, One-Arm Hop Test, Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test, Pull-Up Shoulder Endurance Test, Repetition to Failure Assessment, Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT), Seated Single-Arm Shot-Put Test (SSPT), Shoulder Endurance Test, Two-Arm Bent Hang Test, Unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test, and Upper Limb Rotation Test. Evidence synthesis provided moderate and high-quality evidence for sufficient inter-session and intra-session reliability of the CKCUEST, respectively. There was moderate evidence for sufficient inter-session reliability of the SSPT and for insufficient validity of the SMBT. CONCLUSION: The CKCUEST and the SSPT are sufficiently reliable in athletes. More studies are needed to investigate other psychometric properties for these tests and other upper extremity PPTs.

Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for the treatment of non-calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the short, intermediate, and long-term effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) on pain intensity and shoulder function in individuals with non-calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy. DESIGN: The MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and EMBASE were searched from inception up to June 2023. We included randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of ESWT on pain intensity and shoulder function. RESULTS: Nine studies were included with a total sample of 543 individuals. ESWT was superior to sham ESWT in improving pain intensity at short-term follow-up (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI -0.57 to -0.01). ESWT was not superior to sham ESWT in improving pain intensity at intermediate-term and long-term follow-ups (p > 0.05). ESWT was not superior to other treatments in improving pain intensity at short-term and intermediate-term follow-ups (p > 0.05). ESWT was not superior to sham ESWT and other treatments in improving shoulder function at short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term follow-ups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moderate-certainty evidence indicated that ESWT showed small improvement in shoulder pain over sham ESWT at short-term follow-up. In addition, ESWT was not superior to sham ESWT in improving function and it was not superior to other treatments in improving shoulder pain and function.

Lower Extremity Physical Performance Tests for the Assessment of Athletes via Telehealth are Reliable.

CONTEXT: Lower extremity physical performance tests (PPTs) have been widely used in sports rehabilitation and are commonly performed in person. However, some situations may disrupt the in-person health care delivery, such as social distancing due to the pandemic, traveling, and living in remote locations. Those situations may require adjustments in planning and applying measurement tests, and telehealth has become an alternative. Nevertheless, the reliability of lower extremity PPT tests via telehealth is still unknown. OBJECTIVES: To verify the test-retest reliability, SEM, and the minimum detectable change (MDC95) of PPTs via telehealth. METHODS: Fifty asymptomatic athletes completed 2 assessment sessions 7 to 14 days apart. The assessment via telehealth consisted of warm-up exercises followed by the single-, triple-, and side-hop tests, and the long jump test, in random order. Intraclass correlation coefficient, SEM, and MDC95 were calculated for each PPT. RESULTS: Single-hop test showed good to excellent reliability, with SEM and MDC95 ranging from 6.06 to 9.24 cm and 16.79 to 25.61 cm, respectively. The triple-hop test showed excellent reliability, with SEM and MDC95 ranging from 13.17 to 28.17 cm and 30.72 to 78.07 cm, respectively. Side-hop tests showed moderate reliability, with SEM and MDC95 ranging from 0.67 to 1.22 seconds and 2.00 to 3.39 seconds, respectively. The long jump test showed excellent reliability, with SEM and MDC95 ranging from 5.34 to 8.34 cm and 14.80 to 23.11 cm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The test-retest reliability of those PPTs via telehealth was acceptable. The SEM and MDC were provided to assist clinicians in interpreting those PPTs.

Physical Performance and Mobility Tests Using Telehealth: A Feasibility Study With Athletes.

CONTEXT: Physical performance tests (PPTs) and mobility tests have been widely used in sports rehabilitation. However, the feasibility of PPTs and mobility tests via telehealth is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To verify the feasibility of PPTs and mobility tests to assess athletes via telehealth. DESIGN: This is a feasibility study. PARTICIPANTS: Athletes enrolled in a sports team or club for at least 2 years and with previous enrollment in a competitive league were recruited through advertisements on social media. The athletes included in this study (mean age = 25.9 y, from different sports) performed a battery of PPTs and mobility tests for the lower-extremity or upper-extremity and trunk, according to their sport modality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The feasibility was assessed with recruitment, success, and dropout rates. In addition, athletes' perceptions of easiness, satisfaction, and safety during the lower-extremity or upper-extremity and trunk PPTs and mobility tests were assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-three athletes were included, between January and April 2021: 41 were allocated to the lower-extremity and 32 to the upper-extremity and trunk PPTs and mobility test, according to their sports modality. The overall dropout rate was 20.55%; >89% of the athletes agreed that the PPTs and mobility tests via telehealth were easy to perform, >78% were satisfied, and >75% felt safe during the assessments. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that these 2 batteries of performance and mobility tests via telehealth are feasible to assess the lower and upper-extremities, and the trunk of athletes, considering the adherence, athletes' perception of easiness, satisfaction, and safety.

Scapular movement training is not superior to standardized exercises in the treatment of individuals with chronic shoulder pain and scapular dyskinesis: randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether scapular movement training (SMT) is superior to standardized exercises in improving scapular biomechanics, behavioral, and clinical aspects of individuals with shoulder pain. METHODS AND METHODS: A total of 64 individuals with chronic shoulder pain were randomly assigned to receive 16 sessions of SMT or SE over 8 weeks. Outcome measures included three-dimensional scapular kinematics, muscle activity of scapulothoracic muscles, pain, disability, fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia, and self-perceived changes. Kinematics and muscle activity were assessed at baseline and after treatment, and self-reported measurements at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: SMT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased scapular internal rotation during arm elevation and lowering at sagittal and scapular planes (mean difference [MD]: ranged from 2.8 to 4.1°), and at lower angles of arm elevation and lowering at the frontal plane (MD: 3.4° and 2.4°, respectively), increased upper trapezius (UT) activity (MD: 10.3%) and decreased middle trapezius (MT) (MD: 60.4%) and serratus anterior (MD: 9.9%) activity during arm lowering compared to SE. Both groups significantly improved pain, disability, fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia, and self-perceived changes over 4 weeks, which was sustained over the remaining 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: SMT is not superior to standardized exercises in improving scapular biomechanics, behavioral, and clinical aspects of individuals with shoulder pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03528499Implications for rehabilitationScapular movement training (SMT) showed small and likely not clinically relevant changes in scapular kinematics and muscle activity compared to standardized exercises.SMT and standardized exercises presented similar improvements in pain, disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, kinesiophobia, and self-perceived change in health condition immediately following 4-weeks of treatment, which was sustained over the following 8 weeks.The changes in patient-reported outcome measures are unlikely to be associated with changes in scapular kinematics and electromyographic activity.Clinicians should consider other factors than scapular movement during the treatment of patients with shoulder pain.

Accuracy of infrared thermography in detecting tendinopathy: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature on diagnosis of tendinopathy using infrared thermography (IT). METHODS: This is a systematic review that followed the recommendations of PRISMA. The databases Medline, PEDro, SciELO, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL were searched from inception up to December 2021. Two reviewers independently selected studies that investigated the use of IT to identify tendinopathy. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with QUADAS-2 tool. Data synthesis was performed through the analysis of sensitivity, specificity, summary ROC curve (SROC), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). RESULTS: Seven studies were included in the meta-analyses, which showed that the IT has an overall sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 95%, DOR of 75.94, and SROC of 97%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that IT showed sensitivity of 93% and 63%, specificity of 97% and 100%, and DOR of 221.38 and 60.71 for lateral epicondylitis and shoulder tendinopathy, respectively. CONCLUSION: The IT showed adequate accuracy to detect tendon injuries, with high specificity in the evaluation of lateral epicondylitis and shoulder tendinopathy.

Effects of Gaming on Pain-Related Fear, Pain Catastrophizing, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim was to systematically review the effects of gaming on pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Databases (Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], Web of Science, and SCOPUS) were searched from inception up to October 2021. Two reviewers independently selected randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of any gaming modality with other interventions or no treatment on pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression. For data synthesis, Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects inverse variance model for meta-analysis according to the outcome of interest, comparison group, and follow-up period. The level of evidence was synthesized using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE). Thirteen studies were included with a total sample of 680 patients. Gaming was superior to other treatments and no treatment on reducing pain-related fear (SMD: -1.23; 95% CI: -2.02 to -0.44) and anxiety (SMD: -0.55; 95% CI: -1.01 to -0.09), respectively. Gaming was not superior to other treatments on reducing pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression, and it was not superior to no treatment on reducing pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, and depression. Those findings were based on very low or low-quality evidence. In a conclusion, gaming modalities may have positive effects on some mental health outcomes. However, there were conflicting results with low-quality evidence, which indicates that more high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed.

Is the isometric strength of the shoulder associated with functional performance tests in overhead athletes?

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of the isometric strength of the shoulder external rotators (ER) and serratus anterior (SA) with the performance of functional tests CKCUEST, SMB-T, and USSP-T in overhead athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty overhead athletes with no history of surgery in the upper and lower limbs and trunk in the past year, and no painful symptoms in the upper body during the physical assessment were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preseason assessment included isometric strength of shoulder ER and SA, and performance of the CKCUEST, SMB-T, and USSP-T. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify if the isometric strength of the shoulder ER and SA could explain the performance during the tests after controlling for sex. RESULTS: The isometric strength of SA was associated (p < 0.05) with the SMB-T and USSP-T with 4% of explain. The isometric strength of the SA was not associated (p > 0.05) with the CKCUEST. The isometric strength of the ER was not associated (p > 0.05) with any of the tests. CONCLUSION: The isometric strength of the SA predicted the SMB-T and USSP-T performance. Isometric strength of SA and shoulder ER was not associated with CKCUEST results in athletes overhead.

Effectiveness of manual therapy in patients with tension-type headache. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the evidence about the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) on pain intensity, frequency and impact of headache in individuals with tension-type headache (TTH). METHODS: Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and PEDro were searched in June 2020. Randomized controlled trials that applied MT not associated with other interventions for TTH were selected. The level of evidence was synthesized using GRADE, and Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) were calculated for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included with a total sample of 1131 individuals. High velocity and low amplitude techniques were not superior to no treatment on reducing pain intensity (SMD = 0.01, low evidence) and frequency (SMD = -0.27, moderate evidence). Soft tissue interventions were superior to no treatment on reducing pain intensity (SMD = -0.86, low evidence) and frequency of pain (SMD = -1.45, low evidence). Dry needling was superior to no treatment on reducing pain intensity (SMD = -5.16, moderate evidence) and frequency (SMD = -2.14, moderate evidence). Soft tissue interventions were not superior to no treatment and other treatments on the impact of headache. CONCLUSION: Manual therapy may have positive effects on pain intensity and frequency, but more studies are necessary to strengthen the evidence of the effects of manual therapy on subjects with tension-type headache.Implications for rehabilitationSoft tissue interventions and dry needling can be used to improve pain intensity and frequency in patients with tension type headache.High velocity and low amplitude thrust manipulations were not effective for improving pain intensity and frequency in patients with tension type headache.Manual therapy was not effective for improving the impact of headache in patients with tension type headache.

Measurement properties of the Brazilian versions of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in individuals with shoulder pain.

PURPOSE: To verify the measurement properties of the Brazilian versions of Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) in individuals with shoulder pain. METHODS: Individuals with shoulder pain (>18 years) were included in this study. Structural validity was verified by exploratory factor analysis, which was used to identify dimensionality of the FABQ and TSK. Test-retest reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient(3,1) and internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. Floor or ceiling effects were also investigated. Responsiveness was verified by effect sizes and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis identified two and one factor in the FABQ and TSK, respectively. FABQ and TSK presented moderate to good reliability and adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.70). The floor effect was present in one factor of the FABQ. The FABQ and TSK showed small to moderate effect sizes and did not show adequate AUC. CONCLUSION: FABQ and TSK are multidimensional and unidimensional instruments, respectively. Those instruments presented moderate to good reliability and the responsiveness was considered to be suboptimal in individuals with shoulder pain.

Pain-related fear phenotypes are associated with function of the upper limbs in individuals with shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and describe phenotypes related to kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, and pain catastrophizing, and determine clinical and demographic characteristics related to each phenotype as a function of self-reported function of the upper limbs in individuals with shoulder pain. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-seven individuals with shoulder pain participated in this study. Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), Numerical Pain of Rating Scale, and the angular onset of pain during the elevation of the arm were measured in all participants. A cluster analysis was performed considering kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, and pain catastrophizing, then clinical and demographic characteristics of clusters were used to model individual's chance to belong to one of the clusters as a function of DASH. RESULTS: Two clusters were identified based on kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, and pain catastrophizing. The cluster with worse pain-related fear profile presented (p < 0.05) higher age, worse function, and higher pain intensity. This same cluster was also associated with involvement of the dominant side (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.41) and worse function (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94, 0.98). CONCLUSION: This study identified that individuals with worse pain-related fear profile were older, with worse function, and higher pain intensity. Worse function and involvement of the dominant side were associated with the phenotype with a worse pain-related fear condition.

Effects of electromyographic biofeedback interventions for shoulder pain and function: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback interventions to improve pain and function of patients with shoulder pain. DESIGN: Systematic review of controlled clinical trials. LITERATURE SEARCH: Databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) were searched in December 2020. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized clinical trials that investigated the effects of electromyographic biofeedback for individuals with shoulder pain. Patient-reported pain and functional outcomes were collected and synthesized. DATA SYNTHESIS: The level of evidence was synthesized using GRADE and Standardized Mean Differences and 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random-effects inverse variance model for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Five studies were included with a total sample of 272 individuals with shoulder pain. Very-low quality of evidence indicated that electromyographic biofeedback was not superior to control for reducing shoulder pain (standardized mean differences = -0.21, 95% confidence interval: -0.67 to 0.24, P = 0.36). Very-low quality of evidence indicated that electromyographic biofeedback interventions were not superior to control for improving shoulder function (standardized mean differences = -0.11, 95% confidence interval: -0.41 to 0.19, P = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Electromyographic biofeedback may be not effective for improving shoulder pain and function. However, the limited number of included studies and very low quality of evidence does not support a definitive recommendation about the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback to treat individuals with shoulder pain.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Bournemouth questionnaire for low back pain: validity and reliability.

OBJECTIVES: The Bournemouth Questionnaire is a comprehensive and short form multidimensional instrument developed to evaluate the health status of individuals with low back pain. The objective of this study was to verify the construct validity and the test-retest reliability of the Brazilian version of Bournemouth Questionnaire in individuals with low back pain. METHODS: This is a methodological study that included 65 patients with low back pain. The Brazilian Bournemouth Questionnaire was applied twice, and the test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC), and internal consistency. The construct validity of the Brazilian Bournemouth Questionnaire was assessed using the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and also with the following questionnaires: Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMDQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: The total score of the Brazilian Bournemouth Questionnaire showed ICC of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90), Cronbach´s alpha of 0.85, SEM of 5.97, and MDC of 15.54, without evidence of ceiling and floor effects. The total score of the Brazilian Bournemouth Questionnaire was correlated to the NPRS for current (r = 0.64), highest (r = 0.49), and lowest (r = 0.67) pain as well as scores on the RMDQ (r = 0.58), ODI (r = 0.42), and SF-36 (r = -0.58). CONCLUSION: The total score of the Brazilian version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire is valid and reliable to be used with patients with low back pain.

Scapular movement training versus standardized exercises for individuals with chronic shoulder pain: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Scapular focused exercise interventions are frequently used to treat individuals with shoulder pain. However, evidence for changes in scapular motion after intervention is limited. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of scapular movement training versus standardized exercises for individuals with shoulder pain. METHODS: This will be a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Sixty-four individuals with shoulder pain for at least 3 months, scapular dyskinesis, and a positive scapular assistance test will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: Scapular Movement Training (group 1) and Standardized Exercises (group 2). Group 1 will receive education about scapular position and movement, and be trained to modify the scapular movement pattern. Group 2 will perform stretching and strengthening exercises. Both groups will be treated twice a week for eight weeks. Three-dimensional scapular kinematics and muscle activity of the serratus anterior and upper, middle, and lower trapezius during elevation and lowering of the arm will be assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. Pain intensity, function, fear avoidance beliefs, and kinesiophobia will be assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, and 4 weeks after the end of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the efficacy of scapular focused treatments for individuals with shoulder pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03528499.

Effects of manual therapy on fear avoidance, kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effectiveness of manual therapy on fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia, and pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. LITERATURE SEARCH: Databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) were searched from inception up to March 2020. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Two reviewers independently selected randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of manual therapy associated or not with other interventions on fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. DATA SYNTHESIS: Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects inverse variance model for meta-analysis according to the outcome of interest, comparison group and follow-up period. The level of evidence was synthesized using GRADE. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included with a total sample of 717 individuals. Manual therapy was not superior to no treatment on reducing fear-avoidance at short-term (low quality of evidence; SMD = -0.45, 95% CI -0.99 to 0.09), and intermediate-term (low quality of evidence; SMD = -0.48, 95% CI -1.0 to 0.04). Based on very-low quality of evidence, manual therapy was not better than other treatments (SMD = 0.10, 95% CI -0.56 to 0.77) on reducing fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia (SMD = -0.12, 95% CI -0.87 to 0.63) and pain catastrophizing (SMD = -0.16, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.17) at short-term. CONCLUSION: Manual therapy may not be superior to no treatment or other treatments on improving fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing, based on very low or low quality of evidence. More studies are necessary to strengthen the evidence of effects of manual therapy on pain-related fear outcomes.

The Brazilian version of the Bournemouth questionnaire for low back pain: translation and cultural adaptation.

BACKGROUND: The Bournemouth questionnaire is a multidimensional instrument for evaluating health domains among patients with low back pain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Bournemouth questionnaire for individuals with low back pain, to Brazilian Portuguese. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Federal University of São Carlos. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the Bournemouth questionnaire was developed following the processes of translation, back-translation, committee review and pre-testing. The translation phase involved two independent bilingual translators whose mother language was Brazilian Portuguese. The back-translation phase involved two independent translators whose mother language was English. In order to verify comprehension of the questionnaire, 44 individuals (43.1% men) with low back pain, and with mean age of 45.4 ± 13.8 years, participated in the pre-testing phase. RESULTS: During the translation phase, some terms and expressions were changed to obtain cultural equivalence to the original Bournemouth questionnaire. In the pre-testing phase, each item of the questionnaire showed a comprehension level of over 90%. CONCLUSION: The Bournemouth questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to the Portuguese language, to be used among individuals with low back pain.

The Brazilian version of the Bournemouth questionnaire for low back pain: translation and cultural adaptation

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Bournemouth questionnaire is a multidimensional instrument for evaluating health domains among patients with low back pain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Bournemouth questionnaire for individuals with low back pain, to Brazilian Portuguese. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Federal University of São Carlos. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the Bournemouth questionnaire was developed following the processes of translation, back-translation, committee review and pre-testing. The translation phase involved two independent bilingual translators whose mother language was Brazilian Portuguese. The back-translation phase involved two independent translators whose mother language was English. In order to verify comprehension of the questionnaire, 44 individuals (43.1% men) with low back pain, and with mean age of 45.4 ± 13.8 years, participated in the pre-testing phase. RESULTS: During the translation phase, some terms and expressions were changed to obtain cultural equivalence to the original Bournemouth questionnaire. In the pre-testing phase, each item of the questionnaire showed a comprehension level of over 90%. CONCLUSION: The Bournemouth questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to the Portuguese language, to be used among individuals with low back pain.

O tempo e maneira de utilização do celular podem predispor à lesões musculoesqueléticas: estudo caso-controle / Time and characteristics of cell phone usage may predispose musculoskeletal injuries: case-control study

Objetivo:avaliar e comparar o tempo de utilização, postura e o manuseio do celular entre voluntários com e sem dor na região dos membros superiores ou da coluna cervical. Métodos:Este estudo possui um delineamento observacional transversal. Foram avaliados o tempo e finalidade, a maneira e postura de utilização do celular utilizando questionários com questões abertas de 24 participantes com dor na região da coluna cervical ou membro superior e 24 do grupo controle, que não apresen-tavam dor, com gênero e idade pareados entre os grupos. As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas por meio do Teste T de student para as variáveis contínuas e para as categóricas o Qui quadrado. Resultados: o grupo com dor apresentou maior utilização do celular sem apoio, tempo para digitar, internet e chamada do que o grupo controle (p<0,05). Não houve diferen-ça entre os grupos para a utilização da agenda, ouvir músicas e jogar no celular e tipo de manuseio (p>0,05). Conclusão:O tempo de utilização do celular para digitar, usar a internet e chamadas, a maneira de digitar e a postura sem apoio foram maiores em voluntários com dor, sugerindo que esses fatores podem influenciar no desenvolvimento de dor musculoesque-léticas na região de cervical e de membros superiores. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate and compare the time of cell phone use among volunteers with and without pain in the upper limbs and cervical spine area. Methods:This is an observational cross-sectional study. Questionnaires about cell phone usage were applied in 24 participants reporting pain in the cervical spine or upper limb and 24 participants without pain, aged 20 to 32 years old. The exclusion criteria were history of previous surgery, trauma and orthopedic injury or usage of upper limbs immobilization over the past six months. The comparisons between groups were performed using the t student test for continuous data, and Chi-square test for categorical data. Results: The pain group showed greater use of cell phone in a sitting position and without any support, while the control group used it in a sitting position with support (p< 0.05). Cell phone usage time for typing messages, browsing the web and making phone calls were greater in the pain group than in the control group (p< 0.05). There was no difference between the groups for using the calendar, listening to music and playing games on mobile (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The time using the cell phone to type, use the internet and make calls, as well as the posture adopted and the usual handling of these devices are different between groups, suggesting that these factors may influence the musculoskeletal pain in the cervical region and upper limbs development.(AU)

Reliability, validity, and minimal detectable change of Side Hop Test in male children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability, measurement error, and construct validity of the Side Hop Test in male children and adolescents. DESIGN: Intra-and inter-rater reliability and construct validity study. SETTINGS: Soccer club. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six asymptomatic boys, 10-16 years old. MAIN OUTCOME: The intra and inter-rater reliability of the Side Hop Test were analyzed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and Minimum Detectable Change (MDC). The construct validity of the Side Hop Test in reference to the Single Hop Test, the Standing Long Jump Test, the Shuttle Run, and isometric muscle strength was analyzed. RESULTS: The intra-rater ICC of the Side Hop Test ranged from 0.63 to 0.67, SEM ranged from 1.2 to 2.5 s, and MDC ranged from 2.8 to 5.7 s. The inter-rater ICC ranged from 0.83 to 0.91, SEM ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 s, and MDC ranged from 1.4 to 1.9 s. The Side Hop Test was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the Single Hop Test (r = -0.49) and the Standing Long Jump (r = -0.47). CONCLUSION: The results support the use of the Side Hop Test to evaluate children and adolescents. The measurements showed good intra-rater and very good inter-rater reliability.

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in table tennis players.

Table tennis requires rapid and extreme movements that may result in shoulder adaptations, such as glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, which is a risk factor for several injuries. This study compared range of motion of internal and external rotation and total rotation motion of glenohumeral joint between dominant and non-dominant shoulders of table tennis players. This is a cross-sectional observational study. Twenty healthy male table tennis players that were enrolled in an official table tennis league took part in this study (mean age: 22.9 ± 12.9 years, time of sports practice: 6.2 ± 7.12 years). Measurements of passive glenohumeral external rotation and internal rotation were taken with the individuals in the supine and sidelying positions. Total rotation motion was calculated by summing external and internal rotations. The dominant side showed decreased internal rotation when compared to non-dominant side in both supine (mean difference: 14.9°, p = 0.02) and sidelying positions (mean difference: 16.3°, p = 0.01). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was found for external rotation and total rotation motion between dominant and non-dominant shoulders. The findings indicate that table tennis players exhibit glenohumeral internal rotation deficit of dominant shoulder.